Blatt billiards1/2/2024 The second consequence of the quantum nature of the studied process is the interference between these mechanisms. In proton–proton collisions, elastic scattering can occur via two mechanisms: strong nuclear interaction and Coulomb interaction, i.e. Precise modeling of these processes is possible thanks to precise measurements of quantities such as the total cross-section. Strong interactions are relevant, for example, in the search for new physics in experiments at the LHC, where they act as background, as well as in cosmic ray research, where they are responsible for the development of cosmic air showers. Having an accurate knowledge of the total cross-section is of interest not only for studying strong interactions themselves but also in other areas of particle physics. This increase can be thought of as the proton size increasing with energy. The obtained result confirms an important property of strong interactions-the increase of the total cross-section with increasing collision energy. The high precision was possible, among other factors, by the precise determination of the detector position, for which the IFJ PAN group was responsible. The result published by the ATLAS Collaboration is the most precise measurement of this parameter at 13 TeV energy. The total cross-section describes the chance of any type of proton–proton collision and is related to the proton size. The cross-section is a quantity used in particle physics to describe the likelihood of a particular reaction. The optical theorem allowed determining the value of a parameter called the total cross-section from measurements of only elastic interactions. Since the protons in the studied collisions have very high energy, inelastic processes occur frequently. ones where additional particles are produced). It relates elastic interactions to inelastic ones (i.e. The first of these properties is the so-called optical theorem, which is a consequence of probability conservation in quantum processes. The procedure of extracting this information is based on quantum properties of elastic scattering-effects which are not observed in the game of billiards. Conclusions regarding the fundamental properties of nuclear strong interactions between protons at very high energies, were drawn from the shape of this distribution. The direct result of the measurement, published in European Physical Journal C, is the distribution of the scattering angle, or more precisely-the distribution of the variable t, which is proportional to the square of that angle. The special magnet configuration minimizes this divergence and ensures precise measurements. However, tightly focused beams have a large angular divergence, making the measurement of elastic scattering practically impossible. In typical measurements, the goal is to maximize beam focusing in order to increase the frequency of interesting interactions. The second important component of the experimental setup was the special configuration of magnetic fields shaping the LHC accelerator beam. An important contribution of the Krakow group was the work on the trigger and data acquisition system, without which no data can be recorded. This was made possible by the technique of so-called Roman pots, which allows placing of detectors inside the accelerator beam pipe and their close approach to the beam during data taking. Its key element was a set of detectors placed over 200 meters from the collision point, but capable of measuring scattered protons at distances of just a few millimeters from the accelerator beam. Physicists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, as part of the ATLAS Collaboration, performed a measurement of elastic scattering in proton–proton collisions at the LHC accelerator at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV.ĭue to the extremely small scattering angles in such interactions (less than a thousandth of a degree), the measurements required the use of a dedicated measurement system. By measuring the scattering angles, we gain information about the spatial structure of the colliding particles and the properties of their interactions. Here, we also have a relationship between the collision parameter and the scattering angle. In particle physics, we also deal with elastic collisions, when two particles collide, maintaining their identities, and scatter a certain angle to their original direction of motion. As the impact parameter increases, the scattering angle decreases. In the case of a small impact parameter, which corresponds to a highly central collision, the scattering angles are large. The scattering angle depends on how central the collision was (this is often quantified by the impact parameter value-the distance between the centers of the balls in a plane perpendicular to the motion). In a good approximation, these collisions are elastic, where both momentum and energy are conserved. The physics of billiard ball collisions is taught from early school years.
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